Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Exam

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• What age does the GFR typically achieve adult levels?
• Most cancers of the prostate are classified as:
• In aplastic anemia, pancytopenia develops primarily due to which condition?
• Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with obstructive jaundice?
• Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
• Which condition is identified as an infected pleural effusion?
• What is the most common valvular abnormality affecting nearly 2% of adults older than 65 years?
• Considering the hypothalamus, which factor is responsible for producing fever?
• A patient with high blood pressure and increased body odor is most likely suffering from which condition?
• What risk does chemotherapy pose to the skin?
• Which hormone produced by the ovary has the highest concentration during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
• Which hormone is primarily associated with the Dawn phenomenon?
• Which immune system component is primarily involved in the response to helminth infections?
• Which of the following hormones is insufficient in diabetes insipidus?
• What is the primary effect of increased capillary permeability in lung injury?
• During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
• What are the most common risk factors for endocardial damage?
• What type of cough is typically associated with restrictive lung diseases?
• What is the result of nondisjunction of sex chromosomes in males?
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother is which of the following?
• The presence of antibodies in the blood indicative of autoimmune disorders is characteristic of which type of diabetes?
• What causes Prinzmetal angina pain?
• Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells?
• Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative phosphorylation is:
• What laboratory finding is typically associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Cancer in situ of the cervix is primarily associated with which epithelium?
• Which complication is commonly associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy?
• What is the usual source of sudden death in an obese smoker?
• What is the primary cause of symptoms such as lightheadedness and confusion in a person with type 1 diabetes?
• What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
• Which microorganism is usually NOT associated with acute pyelonephritis?
• Where does cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ most likely occur?
• Which of the following is NOT a feature of nephrotic syndrome?
• What factor associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy causes an infant to bruise and bleed easily?
• Which cancer originates from connective tissue?
• A 45-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and upper GI bleeding following a recent H. pylori infection. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the most common hormonally active pituitary tumor in both men and women?
• The hallmark of AIDS is profound immunosuppression, which results from what condition?
• What is the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
• Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-destruction. It is also referred to as?
• Which physiological change is associated with increased ketone production?
• Which of the following describes proteins released by bacteria during growth?
• What is multiple sclerosis best described as?
• Which factors increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease? (Select 3)
• What is the histologic name for Wilms tumor?
• What condition is marked by chronic inflammation and blood cell overproduction, typically manifesting through increased blood counts?
• In a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), what relationship do their lab values have to insulin deficiency?
• An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. These findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
• What type of respiratory pattern is often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Graves disease is primarily caused by what mechanism?
• What is indicated by well-demarcated characteristics in a tumor?
• Which condition is characterized by lower abdominal pain, diarrhea-predominant, alternating diarrhea/constipation, and nausea?
• What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
• A pulmonary embolism primarily affects lung function by:
• Which type of diabetes is the most common form diagnosed in children?
• At what renal function decline do symptoms of chronic kidney disease, such as increased creatinine levels, become apparent?
• A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
• What type of gut disorder is commonly caused by an esophageal stricture?
• What term describes the complication resulting from spinal cord injury above T6 that involves paroxysmal hypertension?
• How do cancer cells utilize the enzyme telomerase?
• Infective endocarditis is most often caused by a:
• A person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. The most probable cause of these symptoms is:
• Which medical condition is most commonly associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
• The nucleolus is a small dense structure composed mainly of RNA and cellular DNA. What causes the DNA to bind and fold into chromosomes?
• What is the underlying cause of pancytopenia in aplastic anemia?
• What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins?
• What genetic factors are mainly implicated in primary bladder cancer?
• What is the primary virus implicated in cervical cancer?
• Elevated levels of which liver enzyme indicate potential liver damage?
• What type of cells are typically affected in diabetic nephropathy?
• An infant has a continuous-machine type of murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
• HHNKS is most closely associated with which type of diabetes?
• In nephrotic syndrome, what condition does hypoalbuminemia lead to?
• A decrease in which type of cells is most closely associated with a heightened risk of opportunistic infections in AIDS?
• At birth, which of the following statements is true?
• What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism, characterized by an autoimmune defect and exophthalmos?
• What causes a fever by acting directly on the hypothalamus?
• A 3-year-old male with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia is most likely diagnosed with?
• In a patient recently diagnosed with HIV and elevated aminotransferase levels, which strain of hepatitis is most likely to be positive?
• Graves disease develops from which of the following?
• Oncogenes are genes that have undergone mutation to:
• Cancers arising from mesenchymal tissue typically have which suffix?
• Which of the following is a disorder of the adrenal cortex?
• Pulmonary hypertension is primarily a result of which alteration?
• Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is observed in those with:
• What is one of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit due to endotoxic shock?
• Which pathway in the complement system is activated by an antigen-antibody response?
• What is the primary mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia?
• Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes can cause which of the following conditions?
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily characterized by which of the following?
• Which type of toxin is specifically produced by gram-negative bacteria?
• What hormone is essential for sustaining pregnancy and is produced in significant amounts during the luteal phase?
• During an anaphylactic reaction, which physiological response occurs?
• What condition results from the uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells in the bone marrow?
• Which are types of glomerulonephritis found in children?
• Weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue in specific areas is a hallmark of which disease?
• What is the effect of factors that suppress ovulation on ovarian cancer risk?
• What skin-related health risk is induced by some types of chemotherapy?
• In respect to the complement system, which pathway is considered a part of the innate immune response?
• What effect does the Somogyi effect have on blood glucose levels?
• Which condition is classified as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa?
• In warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, how are erythrocytes primarily affected?
• Type I hypersensitivity is typically initiated by what factor?
• In which condition would digital clubbing commonly be observed?
• In which condition is increased total T4 and T3 typically observed?
• What is a fundamental characteristic of benign tumors?
• What is commonly observed in patients with severe pneumonia regarding pulmonary function?
• A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
• What characterizes vasospasm as a factor in cardiovascular conditions?
• What mechanism initiates Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
• A patient with hypertension, palpitations, and excessive sweating is most likely suffering from:
• What function do telomeres serve in chromosomes?
• Leukemia refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from what type of tissue?
• In the context of congestive heart failure, what does a left to right shunt typically lead to?
• In children, what kidney condition is indicated by proteinuria and edema?
• Which of the following is a common symptom associated with chronic heart failure?
• Which type of angina is characterized as stable, unstable, or variant?
• Which of the following is a common cause of edema in nephrotic syndrome?
• Which area of the brain controls reflex activities related to heart rate and blood pressure?
• Which of the following is an indicator of heart failure?
• Which statement best describes a Schilling test?
• Which condition is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
• Multiple sclerosis is best described as what type of condition?
• What describes a hypoplastic kidney?
• Why does a newborn develop hyperbilirubinemia after birth but not in utero during hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
• Which of the following are the pathways of the complement system?
• The cause of pulmonary edema in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is primarily due to increased:
• What term describes a complication from a spinal cord injury above T6, characterized by severe hypertension and sweating?
• Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
• Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
• What is a common outcome of Vitamin K deficiency in newborns?
• Which condition is characterized by hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia?
• Which of the following is a common cause of obesity and diabetes in adults?
• A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
• Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?
• What are the acute complications of diabetes?
• What type of tissue does osteogenic sarcoma affect?
• Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern?
• Which of the following conditions is not typically associated with dyslipidemia?
• Which of the following results from the destruction of elastin in alveolar septa?
• Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
• What chromosomal anomaly is associated with Turner syndrome?
• On postoperative day one, an elevated creatinine level in a patient is most likely due to which cause?
• Which of the following best describes DNA replication?
• How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
• Which two conditions are commonly classified as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)?
• What is a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?
• What is the life-threatening consequence of edema in the upper cervical cord after a spinal cord injury?
• Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?
• Which event is characteristic of the function in Zone I of the lung?
• What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
• Severe left heart failure often leads to which type of heart failure?
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus is best described as:
• Activation of the complement cascade may destroy pathogens directly and can activate other components of the inflammatory response. Is this statement true or false?
• What is the primary characteristic of chronic kidney disease as it progresses?
• Which of the following disorders is associated with vesicobullous conditions?
• Tumor suppressor genes are also referred to as:
• Which disease primarily presents lesions that are continuous, limited to the mucosa, and are not transmural?
• Which clinical manifestation indicates hypoxia or cyanosis in patients?
• Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
• Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Turner syndrome?
• What is a life-threatening condition that can result from edema of the upper cervical cord after a spinal cord injury?
• What is a common symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?
• A 45-year-old female who recently traveled has been diagnosed with a form of hepatitis that is self-limiting and transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Which type of hepatitis is she most likely to have?
• Which childhood cancer is associated with tumor suppressor genes?
• Which type of white blood cell primarily responds to parasitic infections?
• A 55-year-old African-American male with a history of obesity, tobacco use, and hypertension presents with hematuria and flank pain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What autoimmune disorder is characterized by the production of antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones?
• Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
• What condition is characterized by the abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord, often described as a "bag of worms"?
• Which type of injury is most likely to cause dyspnea due to diaphragm impairment?
• Use of oral contraceptives is associated with what level of risk for breast cancer?
• What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RSD) of the newborn?
• Alveolar dead space is a result of which condition?
• Which process is enhanced by mutated oncogenes?
• What is a common cause of pulmonary embolism?
• Which of the following is common in patients experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
• What clinical symptom is characterized by difficulty breathing?
• What is the most likely result of prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes?
• What is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans?
• Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for developing GERD?
• What pathologic change is associated with Graves disease?
• What form of cardiomyopathy is usually caused by infiltrative disease of the myocardium?
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn is most likely to occur when the mother is:
• Which of the following phases is not part of the ovarian cycle?
• Conditions such as SIADH and DI are classified as disorders of which organ?
• What are the important environmental and lifestyle factors correlated with breast cancer?
• Which disorder is characterized by difficulty expanding the lungs during inspiration and decreased lung volume?
• What is the primary mechanism of pathology in asthma?
• What are several disorders collectively known as?
• Which statement accurately describes warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
• Which thyroid condition is characterized by decreased TSH and increased free T4?
• Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis lead to hypoxemia primarily by:
• What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
• In cervical cancer, which viral infection is primarily associated?
• In the pathophysiology of restrictive lung disease, which symptom would you expect to see?
• In type 1 diabetes, the predominant physiological issue is:
• What condition is a major risk factor for developing type II diabetes?
• Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?
• What condition results from abnormal protein folding leading to aggregation in cells?
• Which condition is most likely in a patient with fatigue, diastolic hypertension, and weight gain?
• Which type of hypertension can result from autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury patients?
• What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
• What effect does a "first hit" on a tumor-suppressor gene have?
• Transcription is best defined as a process by which?
• What condition describes severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement?
• Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy is never transmitted from father to son. It is a good example of?
• What is the most common sign of portal hypertension in children?
• What is the medical term for inflammation of the pericardium?
• What is a key feature of Graves disease?
• What factors contribute to edema in nephrotic syndrome?
• Which type of heart failure generally leads to the development of pulmonary congestion?
• What is the usual site of fertilization of an ovum?
• Which cell is primarily responsible for the body's defense against parasite invasion?
• What does GERD cause in the esophageal wall?
• Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
• Congenital heart defects causing acyanotic congestive heart failure usually involve which mechanism?
• What feedback system is primarily responsible for the regulation of hormone levels in the body?
• Which condition is associated with functional dysphagia?
• Which dietary exposure is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?